This topic introduces the global climate crisis and its unprecedented impact on people, businesses and the environment. It explores the causes of climate change, particularly carbon emissions and population growth and highlights the differences between 1.5°C and 2°C warming. You will also examine global targets, greenhouse gas emissions by sector and country, and key solutions individuals can adopt to build a sustainable future.

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This topic examines the consequences of climate change through four lenses: health, food, water, and waste. You will see how rising temperatures, extreme weather and resource scarcity affect societies worldwide. This topic also covers waste challenges such as food and plastic pollution, before shifting to possible responses: actions at the individual, national, and global level and the adoption of circular economy practices as a sustainable alternative to the traditional ‘take-make-dispose’ model.

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This topic traces the rise of the global sustainability movement, from Severn Suzuki’s Earth Summit speech to Greta Thunberg’s climate activism. It explains how organisations transitioned from ad-hoc philanthropy to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), and now to ESG, a framework addressing environmental, social and governance issues. You will explore how ESG evolved through historical events, international agreements, and corporate crises and review ESG integration frameworks such as the SORGA model.

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This topic highlights key international milestones on sustainability, from the Stockholm Conference in 1972 to the Paris Agreement and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). You will also examine Malaysia’s commitments, including its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), targets for emissions reduction, forest cover, renewable energy and its sustainability ranking. This topic concludes by reflecting on Malaysia’s progress and the continued effort needed to strengthen ESG practices.

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